Repercussions of the Emergency neurological life support on scientific literature: a bibliometric study / Repercussões do Emergency neurological life support na literatura científica: um estudo bibliométrico

Abstract Background In 2012, the Neurocritical Care Society launched a compilation of protocols regarding the core issues that should be addressed within the first hours of neurological emergencies - the Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objective We aim to evaluate this repercussion through a bibliometric analysis. Methods We searched Scopus on October 2022 for articles mentioning ENLS. The following variables were obtained: number of citations; number of citations per year; number of publications per year; year of publication; research type; research subtype; country of corresponding author and its income category and world region; journal of publication and its 5-year impact factor (IF); and section where ENLS appeared. Results After applying eligibility criteria, we retrieved 421 articles, published from 2012 to 2022. The mean number of citations per article was 17.46 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 8.20-26.72), while the mean number of citations per year per article was 4.05 (95% CI = 2.50-5.61). The mean destiny journal 5-year IF was 5.141 (95% CI = 4.189-6.093). The majority of articles were secondary research (57.48%; n= 242/421) of which most were narrative reviews (71.90%; n= 174/242). High-Income countries were the most prominent (80.05%; n= 337/421 articles). There were no papers from low-income countries. There were no trials or systematic reviews from middle-income countries. Conclusion Although still low, the number of publications mentioning ENLS is increasing. Articles were mainly published in journals of intensive care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, and emergency medicine. Most articles were published by authors from high-income countries. The majority of papers were secondary research, with narrative review as the most frequent subtype.

Resumo Antecedentes Em 2012, a Neurocritical Care Society lançou uma compilação de protocolos sobre as questões centrais que devem ser abordadas nas primeiras horas de emergências neurológicas - Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objetivo Avaliar a repercussão do ENLS por meio de uma análise bibliométrica. Métodos A base de dados Scopus foi utilizada em outubro de 2022 para a busca por artigos mencionando o ENLS. As seguintes variáveis foram obtidas: número de citações; número de citações por ano; número de publicações por ano; ano de publicação; tipo de pesquisa; país do autor correspondente e sua categoria de renda; revista de publicação e seu fator de impacto de 5 anos (IF); e seção onde o ENLS apareceu. Resultados Os 421 artigos incluídos foram publicados de 2012 a 2022. A média de citações por artigo foi de 17.46 (intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = 8.20-26.72), enquanto a de citações por ano por artigo foi de 4.05 (IC95% = 2.50-5.61). O IF médio por revista foi de 5.14 (IC95% = 4.19-6.09). A maioria dos artigos era de pesquisa secundária (57.48%; n= 242/421), dos quais a maioria eram revisões narrativas (71.90%; n= 174/242). Os países de alta renda foram os mais prolíficos (80.05%; n= 337/421 artigos). Não houve publicações de países de baixa ou média renda. Conclusão Embora ainda baixo, o número de publicações mencionando o ENLS vem aumentando recentemente. A maioria dos artigos foram publicados em revistas de medicina intensiva, neurologia, neurocirurgia e medicina de emergência. Artigos de pesquisa secundária foram os mais comuns, com revisões narrativas sendo o subtipo mais frequente.

Total recovery of visual acuity in a pediatric patient with compressive optic neuropathy secondary to sphenoid sinus mucocele / Recuperação total da acuidade visual na neuropatia óptica compressiva secundária à mucocele do seio esfenoidal em paciente pediátrico

ABSTRACT We present an unusual case of a 13-year-old male pediatric patient with a diagnosis of sphenoid sinus mucocele. The patient suffered a progressive loss of visual acuity over three months followed by a total recovery of his visual acuity after surgery. The patient presented at the emergency room complaining of progressive loss of visual acuity in his left eye which decreased to hand motion over the preceding months. Imaging studies revealed a cystic mass, suggestive of sphenoid sinus mucocele, which was causing compressive optic neuropathy and proptosis. The patient was scheduled for a sphenoidectomy and resection of the mass. Three days after surgery, the patient's visual acuity in the left eye was 20/20, indicating complete recovery from his symptoms. We suggest that the excellent outcome in this patient may be attributable to his age. His ongoing physical development might have been the decisive factor in the recovery of his visual acuity following compressive optic neuropathy secondary to sphenoid sinus mucocele. Further research is needed to verify this proposed explanation.

RESUMO Apresentamos um caso incomum de paciente pediátrico com diagnóstico de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, que apresentou perda progressiva da acuidade visual ao longo de três meses, resultando em recuperação total da acuidade visual após a cirurgia. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, procurou o pronto-socorro, queixando-se de perda progressiva da acuidade visual do olho esquerdo nos últimos três meses. Exames de imagem revelaram uma massa cística sugestiva de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, causando neuropatia óptica compressiva e proptose. O paciente foi agendado para esfenoidectomia e ressecção da massa. Três dias após a cirurgia, a acuidade visual do paciente no olho esquerdo era de 20/20, apresentando recuperação completa dos sintomas. Diante dos resultados de nosso paciente, sugerimos que a idade do paciente pode ser decisiva na recuperação da acuidade visual de uma neuropatia óptica compressiva secundária à mucocele de seio esfenoidal. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para verificação desses dados.

Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of strabismus in children with neurological impairment / Toxına botulínica tipo A para o tratamento de estrabısmo em crianças neurologicamente comprometidas

ABSTRACT Purposes: To assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of strabismus in patients with neurological impairment and evaluate the factors associated with treatment success. Methods: The study included 50 patients with strabismus and neurological impairment. In all children, botulinum toxin injection was performed into the appropriate extraocular muscle. The relationship between demographic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment success were analyzed. Results: In the study group, 34 patients had esotropia, and 16 patients had exotropia. As neurological problems, 36 patients had cerebral palsy, and 14 had hydrocephalus. The average follow-up period was 15.3 ± 7.3 months. The mean number of injections was 1.4 ± 0.6. The mean angle of deviation was 42.5 ± 13.2 PD before the treatment, which decreased to 12.8 ± 11.9 PD after the treatment. Successful motor alignment (orthotropia within 10 PD) was achieved in 60% of the patients. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that esotropic misalignment and shorter duration of strabismus was significantly associated with treatment success in the study group. Patients with esotropia and lower angles of misalignment were more likely to be treated with a single injection. Conclusion: The use of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of strabismus in children with neurological impairment is a good alternative to conventional surgical therapy with a lower risk of overcorrection. The treatment outcome is better in esodeviations and shorter duration of strabismus, implying an advantage of early treatment.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia do uso de toxina bo-tulínica tipo A no tratamento do estrabismo em pacientes com comprometimento neurológico e avaliar os fatores associados ao sucesso do tratamento. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes com estrabismo e comprometimento neurológico foram incluídos no estudo. Em todas as crianças, a toxina botulínica tipo A foi injetada no músculo extraocular apropriado. A relação entre características demográficas, características clínicas e o sucesso do tratamento foram analisadas. Resultados: No grupo de estudo, 34 pacientes tiveram esotropia e 16 pacientes tiveram exotropia, sendo trinta e seis pacientes com paralisia cerebral e 14 pacientes com hidrocefalia. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 15,3 ± 7,3 meses. O número médio de aplicações foi de 1,4 ± 0,6. O ângulo de desvio médio foi de 42,5 ± 13,2 DP antes do tratamento e diminuiu para 12,8 ± 11,9 DP após o tratamento. Alinhamento motor bem sucedido (ortotropia dentro de 10 DP) foi alcançado em 60% dos pacientes. A análise de regressão logística binária revelou que o desalinhamento esotrópico e uma menor duração do estrabismo foram significativamente associados ao sucesso do tratamento no grupo de estudo. Pacientes esotrópicos com ângulos de desalinhamento menores são mais propensos a serem tratados com uma única aplicação. Conclusão: O uso da toxina botulínica tipo A para o tratamento de estrabismo em crianças com comprometimento neurológico é uma boa alternativa para a terapia cirúrgica convencional com menor risco de hipercorreção. O resultado do tratamento é melhor em exodesvios e em pacientes com estrabismo de menor duração, implicando em vantagem para o tratamento precoce.

A systematic review to investigate whether birth weight affects the autonomic nervous system in adulthood / Uma revisão sistemática para investigar se o peso ao nascer afeta o sistema nervoso autônomo na vida adulta

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship between birth weight and the autonomic nervous system in adulthood through a systematic review. Data source: This is a systematic review of publications without limitation of year and language. We included studies involving the autonomic nervous system and birth weight in adults. Manuscripts were selected based on electronic searches of Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science Cochrane Library and Scopus databases, using "Autonomic Nervous System" OR "Heart Rate" OR "Heart Rate Variability" AND "Birth Weight" as a search strategy. This review is registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews — PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020165622). Data synthesis: We found 894 articles; 215 were excluded for duplicity. Of the remaining 679 studies, 11 remained. Two were excluded because they did not specifically treat the autonomic nervous system or birth weight. There were nine publications, two cohort and seven cross-sectional studies. The main findings were that extreme, very low, low or high birth weight may have some impact on the autonomic nervous system in adult life. Conclusions: Birth weight outside the normality rate may have a negative influence on the autonomic nervous system, causing autonomic dysfunction and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Thus, the importance of the follow-up of health professionals from pregnancy to gestation and throughout life, with preventive care being emphasized.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o peso ao nascer e o sistema nervoso autônomo na vida adulta por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Fontes de dados: Esta é uma revisão sistemática de publicações, sem limitação de ano e idioma. Incluímos estudos envolvendo o sistema nervoso autônomo e peso ao nascer em adultos. Os manuscritos foram selecionados das bases de dados eletrônicos Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science Cochrane Library e Scopus, utilizando "Autonomic Nervous System" OR "Heart Rate" OR "Heart Rate Variability" AND "Birth Weight" como estratégia de busca. Esta revisão está registrada pelo International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews — PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020165622). Síntese dos dados: Nós encontramos 894 artigos. Deles, 215 foram excluídos por duplicidade. Entre os 679 remanescentes, 11 permaneceram, dos quais dois foram excluídos por não tratarem especificamente do sistema nervoso autônomo ou do peso ao nascer. Restaram nove publicações, sendo duas longitudinais e sete transversais. Os principais achados foram que o peso extremo baixo, muito baixo, baixo ou alto ao nascer pode ter algum impacto no sistema nervoso autônomo na vida adulta. Conclusões: O peso ao nascer fora da normalidade pode influenciar negativamente o sistema nervoso autônomo, causando disfunção autonômica e aumentando o risco de doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta. Assim, ressalta-se a importância do acompanhamento dos profissionais de saúde desde a gravidez até a gestação, pré-natal e ao longo da vida, com cuidados preventivos para esta situação.

O ensino de ciências na educação básica: desvendando o sistema nervoso através de cartilhas e mapas mentais / Science teaching in basic education: unveiling the nervous system through primers and mental maps / Enseñanza de ciencias en educación básica: desvelando el sistema nervioso a través de primers y mapas mentales

Objetivo: o estudo visou um relato de experiências entre os autores sobre a tutoria do módulo três durante o curso EAD no ano de 2022. Método: Este curso com atividades síncronas e assíncronas, para professores da educação básica e estudantes de graduação, foi realizado em outubro e novembro, do ano de 2022 e culminou na construção de uma cartilha com mapas mentais, temas e estratégias trabalhados durante o curso comomateriais pedagógicos para o ensino fundamental II. Resultados:A cartilha intitulada: as consequências do consumo de álcool ao sistema nervoso, teve como parceria professores de duas escolas básicas. Esta apresenta informações anatomofisiológicas a respeito do funcionamento do sistema nervoso e o álcool. A temática explica como o funcionamento do sistema nervoso pode ser afetado pelo uso de bebidas alcoólicas; compreensão das alterações causadas ao funcionamento do sistema nervoso pela ingestão de álcool e instrumentalização dos professores com mais um recurso pedagógico. Conclusão:Dessa forma, foi possível a promoção da sensibilização dos estudantes quanto aos aspectos negativos do uso de bebidas alcoólicas. Assim como, prevenção nos jovens quanto ao seuuso indiscriminado, colaborando com a popularização da ciência.

Objective:the study aimed to report experiences between the authors regarding the tutoring of module three during the EAD course in the year 2022. Method:This course with synchronous and asynchronous activities, for basic education teachers and undergraduate students, was carried out in October and November, 2022 and culminated in the construction of a booklet with mental maps, themes and strategies workedon during the course as teaching materials for elementary school II. Results:The booklet entitled: the consequences of alcohol consumption on the nervous system, was partnered with teachers from two basic schools. This presents anatomophysiological information regarding the functioning of the nervous system and alcohol. The theme explains how the functioning of the nervous system can be affected by the use of alcoholic beverages; understanding the changes caused to the functioning of the nervous system byalcohol intake and providing teachers with yet another pedagogical resource. Conclusion:In this way, it was possible to promote student awareness regarding the negative aspects of the use of alcoholic beverages. As well as prevention among young people regarding its indiscriminate use, collaborating with the popularization of science.

Objetivo: el estudio tuvo como objetivo relatar experiencias entre los autores respecto a la tutoría del módulo tres durante el curso EAD en el año 2022. Método: Este curso con actividades sincrónicas y asincrónicas, para docentes de educación básica y estudiantes de pregrado, se realizó en los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022 y culminó con la construcción de una cartilla con mapas mentales, temáticas y estrategias trabajadas durante el curso como material didáctico para la escuela primaria II. Resultados:El cuadernillo titulado: las consecuencias del consumo de alcohol en el sistema nervioso, fue elaborado en colaboración con docentes de dos escuelas básicas. Presenta información anatomofisiológica sobre el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso y el alcohol. El tema explica cómo el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso puede verse afectado por el uso de bebidas alcohólicas; comprender los cambios que provoca en el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso la ingesta de alcohol y dotar a los docentes de un recurso pedagógico más. Conclusión: De esta manera, fue posible sensibilizar a los estudiantes sobre los aspectos negativos del consumo de alcohol. Así como la prevención entre los jóvenes sobre su uso indiscriminado, contribuyendo a la popularización de la ciencia.

The influence of hemodialysis on intracranial pressure waveform in patients with chronic kidney disease: an observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Among the complications related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), those of a neurological nature stand out, and for a better quality of life for patients, the diagnosis and treatment of these complications is fundamental. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the effect of hemodialysis on intracranial pressure waveform (ICPw) in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and those who are not yet undergoing substitutive therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: An observational study was conducted in two stages at a kidney replacement therapy center in Brazil. The first was a longitudinal study and the second was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Forty-two patients on hemodialysis were included in the first stage of the study. In the second stage, 226 participants were included. Of these, 186 were individuals with chronic kidney disease (who were not undergoing substitutive therapy), and 40 did not have the disease (control group). The participants' intracranial compliance was assessed using the non-invasive Brain4care method, and the results were compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis groups, with the former having better ICPw conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodialysis influenced the improvement in ICPw, probably due to the decrease in the patients' extra-and intracellular volumes. Furthermore, ICPw monitoring can be a new parameter to consider when defining the moment to start substitutive therapy.

Maturation and development of fetal pig intestinal tissue in immunodeficient mice

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the degree of maturation and development of fetal pig segmental intestinal tissue with that of spheroids created by in-vitro reaggregation of dissociated fetal intestinal cells after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Methods: Fetal pig small intestines were transplanted as segmental grafts into the omentum and subrenal capsules of immunodeficient mice or enzymatically treated to generate single cells. Spheroids made by in-vitro reaggregation of these cells were transplanted into the subrenal capsules of immunodeficient mice. The segmental grafts and spheroids were harvested four and eight weeks after transplantation, and the structural maturity and in-vivo development of these specimens were histologically evaluated. Results: The spheroids were engrafted and supplied blood vessels from the host mice, but an intestinal layered structure was not clearly observed, and there was almost no change in size. On the other hand, the segmental grafts formed deep crypts in the mucus membrane, the inner circular layer, and outer longitudinal muscles. The crypts of the transplanted grafts harvested at eight weeks were much deeper, and the smooth muscle layer and the enteric nervous system were more mature than those of grafts harvested at the fourth week, although the intestinal peristaltic wave was not observed. Conclusions: Spheroids created from fetal small intestinal cells could not form layered structures or mature sufficiently. Conversely, segmental tissues structurally matured and developed after in-vivo transplantation and are therefore potential grafts for transplantation.

Autoimmune encephalitis in a resource-limited public health setting: a case series analysis / Encefalite autoimune em um hospital universitário público: análise de uma série de casos

Abstract Background Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) consists of a group of acquired diseases that affect the central nervous system. A myriad of phenotypes may be present at the onset. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations, it is difficult to achieve uniformity for the diagnostic and therapeutic processes and follow-up strategies. Objective To describe a series of patients diagnosed with AE in a resource-limited public hospital in southern Brazil and to analyze therapeutics and outcomes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with AE at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from 2014 to 2022. Data collected included clinical presentation, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid testings, electroencephalogram, autoantibodies, treatments, outcomes, follow-up time, degree of neurological impairment, and mortality. Results Data from 17 patients were retrieved. Eleven cases were classified as definite AE and 6 as possible AE. Autoantibodies were identified in 9 patients. Timing for diagnosis was impacted by the high costs associated with autoantibody testing. Most patients became functionally dependent (82.4%) and most survivors remained with autoimmune-associated epilepsy (75%). Five patients died during hospitalization, and one after a 26-month of follow-up. Conclusion In this resource-limited hospital, patients with AE had a worse clinical outcome than that previously described in the literature. Development of epilepsy during follow-up and mortality were greater, whilst functional outcome was inferior. Autoantibody testing was initially denied in most patients, which impacted the definitive diagnosis and the use of second-line therapies.

Resumo Antecedentes A encefalite autoimune (EA) consiste em um grupo de doenças adquiridas que afetam o sistema nervoso central. Objetivo Descrever uma série de pacientes diagnosticados com EA em um contexto de atenção terciária à saúde com recursos limitados e analisar a terapêutica e os resultados. Métodos Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes diagnosticados com EA no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre de 2014 a 2022. Os dados coletados incluíram apresentação clínica, neuroimagem, exames de líquido cefalorraquidiano, eletroencefalograma, autoanticorpos, tratamentos, resultados, tempo de acompanhamento, grau de comprometimento neurológico e mortalidade. Resultados Dados de 17 pacientes foram coletados. Onze casos foram classificados como EA definitivo e seis como EA possível. Autoanticorpos foram identificados em nove pacientes. O tempo para o diagnóstico foi afetado pelos altos custos associados ao teste de autoanticorpos. A maioria dos pacientes tornou-se funcionalmente dependente (82,4%), e a maioria dos sobreviventes permaneceu com epilepsia autoimune associada (75%). Cinco pacientes faleceram durante a internação, e um após 26 meses de seguimento. Conclusão No hospital em questão, os pacientes com EA tiveram um desfecho clínico pior do que o previamente descrito na literatura. O desenvolvimento de epilepsia durante o acompanhamento e a mortalidade foram maiores, enquanto o desfecho funcional foi inferior. Os testes de autoanticorpos foram inicialmente negados para a maioria dos pacientes, o que impactou o diagnóstico definitivo e o uso de terapias de segunda linha.

Neurological manifestation of Brazilian spotted fever in childhood

ABSTRACT Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a rickettsial disease caused by the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii. In Brazil, the disease is known as Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), being the most significant tick-borne disease in the country. Among the affected patients, only 5% of cases occur in children aged one to nine years. Typical symptoms of the disease are fever, rash, headache and digestive symptoms. Neurological manifestations such as seizures, aphasia and hemiparesis have been described in few patients. This study aimed to describe the case of an infant diagnosed with BSF who presented severe signs of neurological manifestation.

Exploration of antidepressant effect and mechanism of icariside Ⅱ based on GABAergic nervous system / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the antidepressant effect and potential mechanism of icariside Ⅱ （ICSⅡ） based on the GABAergic nervous system. METHODS The male Kunming mice were randomly divided into a control group （group C， 10 mice） and a modeling group （50 mice）. The depression model was induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） method in the modeling group. After 21 days of stimulation， the rats of modeling group were randomly divided into depression model group （NS group）， positive control group [ECS group， oxalate escitalopram 15 mg/（kg·d）] and ICSⅡ low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups [ICSⅡ-L group， ICSⅡ-M group， ICSⅡ-H group； ICSⅡ 10， 20， 30 mg/（kg·d）]， with 10 mice in each group. Administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically， once a day， for 14 consecutive days. The sugar water preference rate， total exercise distance， immobility time in tail suspension and forced swimming experiments were detected in each group. The morphology of neurons and Nissl bodies in the hippocampal CA3 region were observed； the contents of γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamic acid （Glu）， GABA/Glu ratio， and the expressions of GABAergic nervous system-related proteins （GABA A receptor α1， GABA B receptor 1， vesicular GABA transporter， glutamate decarboxylase 67， GABA membranal transporter 3） were detected in hippocampus. RESULTS Compared with group C， the sugar water preference rate and the total exercise distance significantly reduced in NS group， while the values of immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test were significantly prolonged （P＜0.05）. The morphology of neurons in the CA3 area of the hippocampus was irregular and the Nissl bodies were reduced， with a significant decrease in the number of structurally intact neurons （P＜0.05）； the content of Glu was significantly increased， while the content of GABA， GABA/Glu ratio， and the expressions of GABAergic nervous system-related proteins were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. Compared with NS group， depression behavior in each administration group was improved， and the above indexes were mostly reversed （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ICSⅡ can improve depression behavior of depression model mice. The mechanisms may be associated with regulating the balance of GABA and Glu， increasing the synthesis， transport and release of GABA， and regulating the expressions of GABA-related receptors， so as to improve GABAergic nervous system.

Analysis on Components Absorbed into Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Based on Sequential Metabolism / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo identify the prototypical components and metabolites absorbed into blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus（SCF） based on sequential metabolism combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MethodBlood and cerebrospinal fluid samples of integrated metabolism， intestinal metabolism and hepatic metabolism were collected from male SD rats after gavage and in situ intestinal perfusion administration， and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS） was used to analyze and compare the differences in the spectra of SCF extract， blank plasma， administered plasma， blank cerebrospinal fluid and administered cerebrospinal fluid with ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 µm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-7 min， 95%B； 7-12 min， 95%-35%B； 12-17 min， 35%-15%B； 17-20 min， 15%-12%B； 20-22 min， 12%-5%B； 22-23 min， 5%B； 23-25 min， 5%-95%B； 25-28 min， 95%B）. And heated electrospray ionization（HESI） was used with positive and negative ion modes， the scanning range was m/z 100-1 500. The prototypical constituents and their metabolites absorbed into blood and cerebrospinal fluid of SCF were identified according to the retention time， characteristic fragments， molecular formulae and the information of reference substances. ResultA total of 42 chemical components were identified in the extract of SCF， including lignans， flavonoids， amino acids， tannins， and others， of which lignans were the main ones. A total of 27 prototypical components and 14 metabolites were identified in plasma samples from different sites. A total of 15 prototypical components and 9 metabolites were identified in cerebrospinal fluid. The main metabolic reactions involved in the formation of metabolites were mainly demethylation， methylation， demethoxylation and hydroxylation. ConclusionThrough the systematic identification of the prototypical components and metabolites of SCF in rats， it provides data support for further better exploring the material basis of SCF in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Exploring Central Regulatory Effect of Chaishao Liujuntang on Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Rats with Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome Based on Metabolomics / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS） and non-targeted metabolomics technology to discuss the central regulatory effect of Chaishao Liujuntang on chronic atrophic gastritis（CAG） rats with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency， and to look for the correlation between cerebral cortex， hypothalamus and metabolic status of gastric tissues. MethodA CAG rat model with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency was established by chemical induction， hunger and satiety disorders， chronic restraint and tail clamping stimulation， lasting for 16 weeks. Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank group of 8 rats and a model group of 20 rats. After the completion of modeling， 4 rats in the model group were taken to observe the pathological changes of gastric mucosa. The remaining model rats were randomly divided into a model group of 8 rats and a Chaishao Liujuntang group of 8 rats. Chaishao Liujuntang group rats were given 5.1 g·kg-1 by gavage， and the remaining rats were given equal volume sterilized water by gavage for 4 weeks. Macroscopic characteristics， behavioral indicators and histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa of rats in each group were observed and compared. UPLC-MS non-targeted metabolomics was used to explore the metabolic regulation effect of Chaishao Liujuntang on the cerebral cortex， hypothalamus and stomach tissues of CAG rats with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency. Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to analyze the correlation between different tissue metabolites. ResultCompared with the model group， the macroscopic characteristics of rats in Chaishao Liujuntang group were improved， such as hair color， mental state and stool properties， and the number of times of crossing and standing in the open field experiment was significantly increased， and the static time of forced swimming was significantly reduced（P<0.01）， and the gastric mucosa atrophy was reduced. The metabolic data from the cerebral cortex of rats in each group identified a total of 3 common potential biomarkers， but not enriched in pathways， 26 common potential biomarkers were identified in the hypothalamus， and the key metabolic pathways involved were mainly enriched in purine metabolism， glycerol phospholipid metabolism， D-glutamine and D-glutamic acid metabolism. Seventeen common potential biomarkers were identified in the stomach， and the key metabolic pathways involved were mainly enriched in thiamine metabolism， valine， leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis， and taurine and taurine metabolism. Correlation analysis of metabolites in different tissues revealed that multiple amino acids and their derivatives mediated metabolic connections between the cerebral cortex， hypothalamus and stomach of rats. ConclusionThe metabolic disorders in the cerebral cortex， hypothalamus and stomach of CAG rats with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency have their own characteristics， mainly manifested by changes in the content of glycerol phospholipids， fatty acids and bile acid metabolites. Moreover， Chaishao Liujuntang may play a central regulatory role in CAG rats with liver-depression and spleen-deficiency by correcting the metabolic disorders of amino acids.

Influência do tempo de internação hospitalar sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca pediátrica por meio de método linear / Influence of hospital stay on the variability of pediatric heart rate by linear method / Influencia de la estancia hospitalaria en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca pediátrica por método lineal

INTRODUÇÃO: A imobilização prolongada acarreta prejuízos sistêmicos que repercute diretamente em maiores agravos aos pacientes, dentre eles se encontra a redução da VFC, indicativo de maior morbimortalidade clínica. OBJETIVO: Analisar se o tempo de internação hospitalar influencia a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGIA: Estudo longitudinal, quantitativo e prospectivo, realizado em uma enfermaria pediátrica. A amostra foi de pacientes entre 4 a 11 anos, ambos gêneros, internados dentro das primeiras 48 horas. A coleta iniciou após a assinatura do TCLE pelo responsável, seguida do colhimento dos dados pessoais e clínicos dos pacientes seguida da coleta da VFC, repetida no último dia de internação. A captação da VFC foi realizada pelo monitor Polar RS800CX. Os dados foram transferidos e passados por uma análise matemática no programa Kubios HRV2.2. Por fim, os dados foram tabulados e analisados pelo Microsoft Excel 2013 e software BioEstat® 5.3 respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os valores lineares no domínio do tempo obtiveram média pré (IRR=644,7 com P=0,42; RMSSD= 46,1 com P=0,017 e SDNN=43,5 com P=0,017) e pós (IRR=656,3; RMSSD=34,8; SDNN=35,38) e no domínio da frequência média pré (LF=41,9 com P=0,013; HF=58,0 com P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 com P=0,04) e pós (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). A correlação de Pearson na análise tanto de RMSSD pós x tempo de internação, quanto SDNN pós x tempo de internação demonstraram R=0,55 e R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado que o tempo de internação exerce influência negativa sobre a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged immobilization causes systemic damage that has a direct impact on greater harm to patients, among which is the reduction in HRV, indicative of greater clinical morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the length of hospital stay influences the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal, quantitative and prospective study, carried out in a pediatric ward. The sample consisted of patients between 4 and 11 years old, both genders, hospitalized within the first 48 hours. The collection began after the signature of the TCLE by the guardian, followed by the collection of the patients' personal and clinical data, followed by the HRV collection, repeated on the last day of hospitalization. HRV capture was performed by the Polar RS800CX monitor. The data were transferred and passed through a mathematical analysis in the Kubios HRV2.2 program. Finally, data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and BioEstat® 5.3 software, respectively. RESULTS: Linear values in the time domain obtained mean pre (IRR=644.7 with P=0.42; RMSSD=46.1 with P=0.017 and SDNN=43.5 with P=0.017) and post (IRR=656.3; RMSSD=34.8; SDNN=35.38) and in the pre mean frequency domain (LF=41.9 with P=0.013; HF=58.0 with P=0.013; LF/HF=1,03 with P=0.04) and powders (LF=52.2; HF=47.7; LF/HF=3.56). Pearson's correlation in the analysis of both the RMSSD post x length of stay and the SDNN post x length of stay showed R=0.55 and R=0.59 respectively. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the length of stay has a negative influence on the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmovilización prolongada provoca daños sistémicos que repercuten directamente en un mayor perjuicio para los pacientes, entre los que se encuentra la disminución de la VFC, indicativa de una mayor morbimortalidad clínica. OBJETIVO: Analizar si la duración de la estancia hospitalaria influye en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio longitudinal, cuantitativo y prospectivo, realizado en una planta de pediatría. La muestra consistió en pacientes entre 4 y 11 años, de ambos sexos, hospitalizados dentro de las primeras 48 horas. La recogida se inició tras la firma del TCLE por el tutor, seguida de la recogida de los datos personales y clínicos de los pacientes, seguida de la recogida de la VFC, repetida el último día de hospitalización. La captura de la VFC se realizó con el monitor Polar RS800CX. Los datos se transfirieron y pasaron por un análisis matemático en el programa Kubios HRV2.2. Finalmente, los datos fueron tabulados y analizados utilizando Microsoft Excel 2013 y el software BioEstat® 5.3, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron valores lineales en el dominio temporal medios pre (TIR=644,7 con P=0,42; RMSSD=46,1 con P=0,017 y SDNN=43,5 con P=0,017) y post (TIR=656,3; RMSSD=34. 8; SDNN=35,38) y en el dominio de la frecuencia media pre (LF=41,9 con P=0,013; HF=58,0 con P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 con P=0,04) y polvos (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). La correlación de Pearson en el análisis tanto de la RMSSD post x duración de la estancia como de la SDNN post x duración de la estancia mostró R=0,55 y R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Se observó que la duración de la estancia influye negativamente en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes pediátricos.

Neurosarcoidosis: inicio con compromiso de múltiples sitios neurológicos / Neurosarcoidosis: Onset with involvement of multiple neurological sites

Resumen Presentamos el caso de una mujer joven sana, que consultó por parálisis facial periférica izquierda asociada a fiebre, tos seca, disnea y astenia de dos semanas de evolución. Al examen físico se evidenció hipoestesia en dermatomas D6 a D12 izquierdos y galactorrea bi lateral. En el laboratorio presentaba serologías virales negativas, eritrosedimentación, títulos de anticuerpos antinucleares, prolactina y hormona tiroestimulante elevados, con anticuerpos antiperoxidasa positivos. La tomografía computarizada mostró múltiples adenopatías cervicales, mediastinales e hiliares bilaterales, sin com promiso del parénquima pulmonar. El cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo fue negativo para gérmenes comunes, micobacterias (Xpert MTB/RIF), y la citología no mostró atipia. Se realizó una resonancia magnética con con traste endovenoso de cerebro sin hallazgos patológicos y de columna con alteración de la señal centromedular de D6 a D9 de casi la totalidad del espesor del cordón, con refuerzo con contraste endovenoso. Durante la in ternación recuperó la sensibilidad en tronco izquierdo y no repitió episodios febriles o tusígenos. Se realizó mediastinoscopía con biopsia ganglionar con anatomía patológica con presencia de numerosos granulomas no caseificantes compatibles con sarcoidosis. Se clasificó como neurosarcoidosis probable e inició tratamiento con corticoides con mejoría de los síntomas neurológi cos restantes, realizándose una resonancia magnética a los tres meses, donde la alteración de la señal se limitaba desde D7 a D8. Nuestro objetivo es destacar la presentación neurológica en múltiples sitios que obligó a descartar otras entidades más frecuentes, así como la evolución favorable incluso previo al inicio de un esquema de tratamiento de primera línea.

Abstract We present the case of a healthy young woman who consulted for left peripheral facial palsy associated with fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and asthenia of two weeks' evolution. Physical examination revealed hypoesthesia in left T6 to T12 dermatomes and bilateral galactorrhea. In the laboratory, she presented negative viral serology, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear an tibody titers, prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone, with positive antiperoxidase antibodies. Computed to mography showed multiple bilateral cervical, mediastinal, and hilar adenopathies, without involvement of lung parenchyma. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was negative for common germs, mycobacteria, and Xpert MTB/RIF, and cytology did not show atypia. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance was performed on the brain without pathological findings and on the spine with alteration of the centromedullary signal from T6 to T9 of almost the entire thickness of the cord, with posterior enhancement with gadolinium. During hospitalization, she recovered sensitivity in the left trunk and did not repeat febrile or cough episodes. She was referred to another center for mediastinoscopy with lymph node biopsy revealing the presence of numerous non-caseating granulomas compatible with sarcoidosis. It was classified as probable neurosarcoidosis and started treatment with corticoste roids with improvement of the remaining neurological symptoms. A magnetic resonance was performed three months later where the signal alteration was limited from T7 to T8. Our objective is to highlight the florid neu rological presentation that made it necessary to rule out other more frequent entities and the favorable evolution even before starting a first-line scheme of treatment.

Vitaminas B neurotrópicas y neuropatía periférica: estado del arte y acuerdo de expertos / Neurotropic B vitamins and peripheral neuropathy: State of the art and agreement of experts

Propósito: La neuropatía periférica tiene un espectro clínico inespecífico y multifactorial, con frecuente subdiagnóstico y terapéutica de eficacia variable. Existe una heterogénea prescripción de vitaminas B, las cuales pueden desempeñar un rol importante en el manejo de diferentes neuropatías; sin embargo, en Colombia no existen guías clínicas al respecto. El propósito de este trabajo es orientar en el reconocimiento temprano de las neuropatías periféricas y generar recomendaciones sobre el uso adecuado de vitaminas B neurotrópicas. Descripción de la metodología: Acuerdo de expertos sobre la neuropatía periférica y el rol terapéutico de las vitaminas B con énfasis en la epidemiología en Colombia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Contenidos: En Colombia, la prevalencia de neuropatía periférica se estima cercana al 10 %, sin embargo, no hay datos recientes. Dentro de las etiologías más frecuentes se encuentran la neuropatía diabética, infecciosa, inflamatoria, carenciales, toxica y farmacológica. Se recomiendan las siguientes herramientas de tamizaje en población de riesgo: DN4, MNSI, test de monofilamento, test de vibración y valoración de reflejos. Las vitaminas B1, B6 y B12 son seguras, accesibles y pueden ser eficaces en neuropatía periférica, incluso cuando el déficit no ha sido demostrado, pero con requerimientos particulares en su administración conjunta. Conclusiones: Las neuropatías periféricas son un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico que requiere la identificación oportuna para el tratamiento de la etiología subyacente y el control de síntomas. El uso de vitaminas B neurotrópicas es efectivo y seguro en neuropatía periférica carencial, y también parece ser eficaz en el manejo de neuropatías periféricas de diferentes etiologías.

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy has a nonspecific and multifactorial clinical spectrum, with frequent underdiagnosis and therapeutics of variable efficacy. There is a high but heterogeneous prescription of B vitamins, which can play an important role in the management of different neuropathies; however, in Colombia there are no clinical guidelines in this regard. The purpose of this article is to guide the early recognition of peripheral neuropathy and generate recommendations on the proper use of neurotropic B vitamins. Description of the methodology: Expert agreement on peripheral neuropathy and the therapeutic role of B vitamins with emphasis on epidemiology in Colombia, diagnosis and treatment. Contents: In Colombia, there are no recent data to estimate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy; the main etiologies are: diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiencies, herpes zoster and neuropathies due to chemotherapy. Given risk factors in the anamnesis, the use of DN4, MNSI, monofilament test, vibration test and assessment of reflexes is recommended. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12 are safe and can be effective in peripheral neuropathy, even when the deficit has not been demonstrated, but with special requirements in their joint administration. Conclusions: peripheral neuropathies are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and require timely identification, for the treatment of the underlying etiology and symptom control. The use of neurotropic B vitamins is effective and safe in deficient peripheral neuropathy, and also appears to be effective in the management of peripheral neuropathies of different etiologies.

Encefalitis autoinmune seronegativa asociada a síndrome de Sjögren primario / Autoimmune seronegative encephalitis associated to primary Sjögren's disease

La encefalitis autoinmune es un trastorno inmunomediado que compromete distintos territorios del parénquima cerebral, involucrando frecuentemente la materia gris profunda o la corteza, con o sin compromiso de la materia blanca, meninges o médula espinal. Se asocia frecuentemente con enfermedades autoinmunes o paraneoplásicas, y constituye un reto diagnóstico. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con antecedente de síndrome de Sjögren que consultó a Emergencias por cefalea y confusión. El líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) presentaba leucocitosis con neutrofilia. En la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral se evidenciaron múltiples imágenes de comportamiento restrictivo, de señal hiperintensa en T2 y FLAIR, a predominio córtico-subcortical a nivel occipital bilateral, hemisferio cerebeloso derecho y parietal derecho. Se descartaron infecciones y neoplasias. El panel de anticuerpos para encefalitis autoinmune aquaporina-4 y anti-MOG en LCR fue negativo. Recibió metilprednisolona endovenosa con mejoría progresiva de los síntomas.

Autoimmune encephalitis is an immune-mediated disorder that affects different areas of the brain parenchyma, often involving deep gray matter or the cortex, with or without involvement of white matter, meninges, or spinal cord. It is frequently associated with autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases and is a diagnostic challenge. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with history of Sjögren's syndrome who presented to the emergency department with headache and episodes of confusion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Brain MRI revealed multiple restricted diffusion lesions with hyperintense signal on T2 and FLAIR sequences, predominantly in the bilateral occipital region, right cerebellar hemisphere, and right parietal region. Infections and neoplasms were ruled out. The panel of antibodies for autoimmune encephalitis, including Aquaporin-4 and anti-MOG in CSF, was negative. She received intravenous methylprednisolone, leading to symptom improvement.

Tratamiento con TRIAC en pacientes pediátricos con deficiencia de MCT8 / Treatment with TRIAC in pediatric patients with MCT8

Los transportadores de monocarboxilatos (MCT) permiten el ingreso celular de hormonas tiroideas, especialmente en el sistema nervioso central (SNC), donde son indispensables para el neurodesarrollo. La deficiencia de MCT8 produce la combinación de hipotiroidismo en SNC e hipertiroidismo periférico, caracterizada por T3 elevada. El único tratamiento actualmente disponible es el ácido 3,3',5-triyodotiroacético (TRIAC), un análogo de hormonas tiroideas que tiene como objetivo mejorar la tirotoxicosis periférica y prevenir la progresión del deterioro neurológico. En el presente artículo, se evalúan las características clínicas, imagenológicas, bioquímicas y genéticas de 4 pacientes con deficiencia de MCT8 tratados con TRIAC hasta la fecha, las dosis utilizadas y la respuesta al tratamiento.

Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) allow the cellular entry of thyroid hormones, especially into the central nervous system (CNS), where they are crucial for neurodevelopment. MCT8 deficiency results in the combination of hypothyroidism in the CNS and peripheral hyperthyroidism, characterized by elevated T3 levels. The only treatment currently available is 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC), a thyroid hormone analogue aimed at improving peripheral thyrotoxicosis and preventing the progression of neurological impairment. Here we assess the clinical, imaging, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of 4 patients with MCT8 deficiency who have received TRIAC to date, the doses used, and the response to treatment.

Encefalitis autoinmune posherpética. Caso clínico pediátrico / Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis. A pediatric clinical case report

La encefalitis por virus herpes simple (VHS) es una causa frecuente de encefalitis grave y potencialmente fatal. La encefalitis autoinmune posherpética (EAPH) afecta a un porcentaje de los pacientes que han presentado encefalitis herpética (EH) y se caracteriza por la aparición de nuevos síntomas neurológico/psiquiátricos, y/o por el empeoramiento de los déficits adquiridos durante la infección viral dentro de un lapso temporal predecible. Se produce por un mecanismo no relacionado con el VHS, sino por fenómenos autoinmunes, y es susceptible de tratamiento con inmunomoduladores. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 5 años de edad con EAPH que requirió tratamiento inmunomodulador, de primera y segunda línea, con buena evolución y remisión de los síntomas.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a common cause of severe and potentially fatal encephalitis. Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis (AIPHSE) affects a percentage of patients who developed herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and is characterized by the onset of new neurological/psychiatric symptoms and/or worsening of deficits acquired during the herpes infection within a predictable time frame. It is caused by a mechanism not related to HSV, but by autoimmune conditions, and is susceptible to treatment with immunomodulators. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy with AIPHSE who required first- and second-line immunomodulatory treatment, with an adequate course and remission of symptoms.

Sjogren's syndrome: a neurological perspective / Síndrome de Sjogren: uma perspectiva neurológica

Abstract Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in sicca symptoms. Additionally, SS presents with neurological manifestations that significantly impact the nervous system. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the neurological aspects of SSj, covering both the peripheral and central nervous system involvement, while emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Resumo A síndrome de Sjogren (SS) é uma doença autoimune complexa caracterizada pela infiltração linfocítica das glândulas salivares e lacrimais, resultando em sintomas sicca. Além disso, a SS apresenta manifestações neurológicas que afetam significativamente o sistema nervoso. Esta revisão tem como objetivo fornecer uma visão abrangente dos aspectos neurológicos da SSj, abordando tanto o envolvimento do sistema nervoso periférico quanto do central, com ênfase no diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico.

Reshaping neuroimmunology: diagnosis and treatment in the era of precision medicine / Remodelando a neuroimunologia: diagnóstico e tratamento na era da medicina de precisão

Abstract Precision medicine has revolutionized the field of neuroimmunology, with innovative approaches that characterize diseases based on their biology, deeper understanding of the factors leading to heterogeneity within the same disease, development of targeted therapies, and strategies to tailor therapies to each patient. This review explores the impact of precision medicine on various neuroimmunological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), optic neuritis, autoimmune encephalitis, and immune-mediated neuropathies. We discuss advances in disease subtyping, recognition of novel entities, promising biomarkers, and the development of more selective monoclonal antibodies and cutting-edge synthetic cell-based immunotherapies in neuroimmunological disorders. In addition, we analyze the challenges related to affordability and equity in the implementation of these emerging technologies, especially in situations with limited resources.

Resumo A medicina de precisão está revolucionando o campo da neuroimunologia, com uma abordagem inovadora caracterizada pela classificação de doenças com base em sua biologia, compreensão mais profunda dos fatores que levam à heterogeneidade dentro da mesma doença, desenvolvimento de terapias com alvos específicos e estratégias para adaptar as terapias a cada paciente. Esta revisão explora o impacto da medicina de precisão em várias condições neuroimunológicas, incluindo esclerose múltipla (EM), distúrbio do espectro da neuromielite óptica (NMOSD), doença associada ao anticorpo anti-glicoproteína da mielina do oligodendrócito (MOGAD), neurites ópticas, encefalites autoimunes e neuropatias imunomediadas. Discutimos avanços na subclassificação de doenças, reconhecimento de novas entidades, biomarcadores promissores e desenvolvimento de anticorpos monoclonais mais seletivos e imunoterapias de ponta baseadas em células sintéticas para as condições acima. Além disso, analisamos os desafios relacionados com acessibilidade e equidade na implementação dessas tecnologias emergentes, especialmente em ambientes com recursos limitados.